Start a Local Cluster (Secure)

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Once you’ve installed CockroachDB, it’s simple to start a secure multi-node cluster locally, using TLS certificates to encrypt network communication.

Note:
Running multiple nodes on a single host is useful for testing out CockroachDB, but it's not recommended for production deployments. To run a physically distributed cluster in production, see Manual Deployment or Orchestrated Deployment.

Before You Begin

Make sure you have already installed CockroachDB.

Step 1. Create security certificates

You can use either cockroach cert commands or openssl commands to generate security certificates. This section features the cockroach cert commands.

# Create a certs directory and safe directory for the CA key.
# If using the default certificate directory (`${HOME}/.cockroach-certs`), make sure it is empty.
$ mkdir certs
$ mkdir my-safe-directory

# Create the CA key pair:
$ cockroach cert create-ca \
--certs-dir=certs \
--ca-key=my-safe-directory/ca.key

# Create a client key pair for the root user:
$ cockroach cert create-client \
root \
--certs-dir=certs \
--ca-key=my-safe-directory/ca.key

# Create a key pair for the nodes:
$ cockroach cert create-node \
localhost \
$(hostname) \
--certs-dir=certs \
--ca-key=my-safe-directory/ca.key
  • The first command makes a new directory for the certificates.
  • The second command creates the Certificate Authority (CA) certificate and key: ca.crt and ca.key.
  • The third command creates the client certificate and key, in this case for the root user: client.root.crt and client.root.key. These files will be used to secure communication between the built-in SQL shell and the cluster (see step 4).
  • The fourth command creates the node certificate and key: node.crt and node.key. These files will be used to secure communication between nodes. Typically, you would generate these separately for each node since each node has unique addresses; in this case, however, since all nodes will be running locally, you need to generate only one node certificate and key.

Step 2. Start the first node

$ cockroach start \
--certs-dir=certs \
--host=localhost \
--http-host=localhost

CockroachDB node starting at 
build:      CCL v1.1.9 @ 2018-10-01 00:00:00
admin:      https://ROACHs-MBP:8080
sql:        postgresql://root@ROACHs-MBP:26257?sslcert=%2FUsers%2F...
logs:       cockroach-data/logs
store[0]:   path=cockroach-data
status:     restarted pre-existing node
clusterID:  {dab8130a-d20b-4753-85ba-14d8956a294c}
nodeID:     1

This command starts a node in secure mode, accepting most cockroach start defaults.

  • The --certs-dir directory points to the directory holding certificates and keys.
  • Since this is a purely local cluster, --host=localhost tells the node to listens only on localhost, with default ports used for internal and client traffic (26257) and for HTTP requests from the Admin UI (8080).
  • The Admin UI defaults to listening on all interfaces. The --http-host flag is therefore used to restrict Admin UI access to the specified interface, in this case, localhost.
  • Node data is stored in the cockroach-data directory.
  • The standard output gives you helpful details such as the CockroachDB version, the URL for the admin UI, and the SQL URL for clients.

Step 3. Add nodes to the cluster

At this point, your cluster is live and operational. With just one node, you can already connect a SQL client and start building out your database. In real deployments, however, you'll always want 3 or more nodes to take advantage of CockroachDB's automatic replication, rebalancing, and fault tolerance capabilities. This step helps you simulate a real deployment locally.

In a new terminal, add the second node:

$ cockroach start \
--certs-dir=certs \
--store=node2 \
--host=localhost \
--port=26258 \
--http-port=8081 \
--http-host=localhost \
--join=localhost:26257

In a new terminal, add the third node:

$ cockroach start \
--certs-dir=certs \
--store=node3 \
--host=localhost \
--port=26259 \
--http-port=8082 \
--http-host=localhost \
--join=localhost:26257

The main difference in these commands is that you use the --join flag to connect the new nodes to the cluster, specifying the address and port of the first node, in this case localhost:26257. Since you're running all nodes on the same machine, you also set the --store, --port, and --http-port flags to locations and ports not used by other nodes, but in a real deployment, with each node on a different machine, the defaults would suffice.

Step 4. Test the cluster

Now that you've scaled to 3 nodes, you can use any node as a SQL gateway to the cluster. To demonstrate this, open a new terminal and connect the built-in SQL client to node 1:

Note:
The SQL client is built into the cockroach binary, so nothing extra is needed.
$ cockroach sql \
--certs-dir=certs
# Welcome to the cockroach SQL interface.
# All statements must be terminated by a semicolon.
# To exit: CTRL + D.

Run some basic CockroachDB SQL statements:

> CREATE DATABASE bank;

> CREATE TABLE bank.accounts (id INT PRIMARY KEY, balance DECIMAL);

> INSERT INTO bank.accounts VALUES (1, 1000.50);

> SELECT * FROM bank.accounts;

+----+---------+
| id | balance |
+----+---------+
|  1 |  1000.5 |
+----+---------+
(1 row)

Exit the SQL shell on node 1:

> \q

Then connect the SQL shell to node 2, this time specifying the node's non-default port:

$ cockroach sql \
--certs-dir=certs \
--port=26258
# Welcome to the cockroach SQL interface.
# All statements must be terminated by a semicolon.
# To exit: CTRL + D.
Note:
In a real deployment, all nodes would likely use the default port 26257, and so you wouldn't need to set the --port flag.

Now run the same SELECT query:

> SELECT * FROM bank.accounts;

+----+---------+
| id | balance |
+----+---------+
|  1 |  1000.5 |
+----+---------+
(1 row)

As you can see, node 1 and node 2 behaved identically as SQL gateways.

Exit the SQL shell on node 2:

> \q

Step 5. Monitor the cluster

To access the Admin UI for your cluster, point a browser to https://localhost:8080, or to the address in the admin field in the standard output of any node on startup.

Note that your browser will consider the CockroachDB-created certificate invalid; you’ll need to click through a warning message to get to the UI.

CockroachDB Admin UI

As mentioned earlier, CockroachDB automatically replicates your data behind-the-scenes. To verify that data written in the previous step was replicated successfully, scroll down to the Replicas per Node graph and hover over the line:

CockroachDB Admin UI

The replica count on each node is identical, indicating that all data in the cluster was replicated 3 times (the default).

Note:
Capacity metrics can be incorrect when running multiple nodes on a single machine. For more details, see this limitation.
Tip:
For more insight into how CockroachDB automatically replicates and rebalances data, and tolerates and recovers from failures, see our replication, rebalancing, fault tolerance demos.

Step 6. Stop the cluster

Once you're done with your test cluster, switch to the terminal running the first node and press CTRL-C to stop the node.

At this point, with 2 nodes still online, the cluster remains operational because a majority of replicas are available. To verify that the cluster has tolerated this "failure", connect the built-in SQL shell to nodes 2 or 3. You can do this in the same terminal or in a new terminal.

$ cockroach sql \
--certs-dir=certs \
--port=26258
# Welcome to the cockroach SQL interface.
# All statements must be terminated by a semicolon.
# To exit: CTRL + D.

> SELECT * FROM bank.accounts;

+----+---------+
| id | balance |
+----+---------+
|  1 |  1000.5 |
+----+---------+
(1 row)

Exit the SQL shell:

> \q

Now stop nodes 2 and 3 by switching to their terminals and pressing CTRL-C.

Tip:
For node 3, the shutdown process will take longer (about a minute) and will eventually force stop the node. This is because, with only 1 of 3 nodes left, a majority of replicas are not available, and so the cluster is no longer operational. To speed up the process, press CTRL-C a second time.

If you do not plan to restart the cluster, you may want to remove the nodes' data stores:

$ rm -rf cockroach-data node2 node3

Step 7. Restart the cluster

If you decide to use the cluster for further testing, you'll need to restart at least 2 of your 3 nodes from the directories containing the nodes' data stores.

Restart the first node from the parent directory of cockroach-data/:

$ cockroach start \
--certs-dir=certs \
--host=localhost \
--http-host=localhost
Note:
With only 1 node back online, the cluster will not yet be operational, so you will not see a response to the above command until after you restart the second node.

In a new terminal, restart the second node from the parent directory of node2/:

$ cockroach start \
--certs-dir=certs \
--store=node2 \
--host=localhost \
--port=26258 \
--http-port=8081 \
--http-host=localhost \
--join=localhost:26257

In a new terminal, restart the third node from the parent directory of node3/:

$ cockroach start \
--certs-dir=certs \
--store=node3 \
--host=localhost \
--port=26259 \
--http-port=8082 \
--http-host=localhost \
--join=localhost:26257

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