Create a Multi-Region Database Schema

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This page walks you through creating a database schema for an example multi-region application. It is the second section of the Develop and Deploy a Multi-Region Web Application tutorial.

Note:

CockroachDB versions v21.1 and above support new multi-region capabilities, with different SQL syntax.

For the latest version of the application and database schema built on v21.1 multi-region features, see the movr-flask repository.

For the latest version of the tutorial, see the v21.1 docs.

Before you begin

Before you begin this section, complete the previous section of the tutorial, MovR: An Example Multi-Region Use-Case.

The `movr` database

The example application is built on a multi-region deployment of CockroachDB, loaded with the movr database. This database contains the following tables:

users
vehicles
rides

These tables store information about the users and vehicles registered with MovR, and the rides associated with those users and vehicles.

Here's a diagram of the database schema, generated with DBeaver:

MovR database schema

Initialization statements for movr are defined in dbinit.sql, a SQL file that you use later in this tutorial to load the database to a running cluster.

Note:

This database is a slightly simplified version of the movr database that is built into the cockroach binary. Although the two databases are similar, they have different schemas.

Geo-partition the `movr` database

Distributed CockroachDB deployments consist of multiple regional deployments of CockroachDB nodes that communicate as a single, logical database. In CockroachDB terminology, these nodes comprise a cluster. CockroachDB splits rows of table data into ranges, and then replicates the ranges and distributes them to the individual nodes of the cluster. You can control where ranges are replicated and distributed with CockroachDB metadata objects known as replication zones.

At startup, each node in a cluster is assigned a locality. You can assign nodes to the same replication zone based on their locality. When you partition data, you break up tables into segments of rows, based on a common value or characteristic. To geo-partition the data, you constrain a partition to a specific replication zone.

For example, suppose that the movr database is loaded to a multi-region CockroachDB cluster, with each node assigned a cloud provider region locality at startup.

Each table in the movr database contains a city column, which signals a location for each row of data. If a user is registered in New York, their row in the users table will have a city value of new york. If that user takes a ride in Seattle, that ride's row in the rides table has a city value of seattle.

You can partition the tables of the movr database, based on the row's city value.

For example:

> PARTITION BY LIST (city) (
    PARTITION us_west VALUES IN (('seattle'), ('san francisco'), ('los angeles')),
    PARTITION us_east VALUES IN (('new york'), ('boston'), ('washington dc')),
    PARTITION europe_west VALUES IN (('amsterdam'), ('paris'), ('rome'))
);

After you define a partition, you can constrain it to a replication zone, using a zone constraint on the region locality. For the users table, this looks like:

> ALTER PARTITION europe_west OF INDEX movr.public.users@primary CONFIGURE ZONE USING
    constraints = '[+region=gcp-europe-west1]';
  ALTER PARTITION us_east OF INDEX movr.public.users@primary CONFIGURE ZONE USING
    constraints = '[+region=gcp-us-east1]';
  ALTER PARTITION us_west OF INDEX movr.public.users@primary CONFIGURE ZONE USING
    constraints = '[+region=gcp-us-west1]';

For full partitioning statements for each table and secondary index, see dbinit.sql.

See below for the CREATE TABLE statements for each table in the database.

The `users` table

Here is the CREATE TABLE statement for the users table:

> 
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS users (
    id UUID NOT NULL DEFAULT gen_random_uuid(),
    city STRING NOT NULL,
    first_name STRING NULL,
    last_name STRING NULL,
    email STRING NULL,
    username STRING NULL,
    password_hash STRING NULL,
    is_owner BOOL NULL,
    CONSTRAINT "primary" PRIMARY KEY (city ASC, id ASC),
    CONSTRAINT check_city CHECK (city IN ('amsterdam','boston','los angeles','new york','paris','rome','san francisco','seattle','washington dc')),
    UNIQUE INDEX users_username_key (username ASC),
    FAMILY "primary" (id, city, first_name, last_name, email, username, password_hash, is_owner)
) PARTITION BY LIST (city) (
    PARTITION us_west VALUES IN (('seattle'), ('san francisco'), ('los angeles')),
    PARTITION us_east VALUES IN (('new york'), ('boston'), ('washington dc')),
    PARTITION europe_west VALUES IN (('amsterdam'), ('paris'), ('rome'))
);

ALTER PARTITION europe_west OF INDEX movr.public.users@primary CONFIGURE ZONE USING
    constraints = '[+region=gcp-europe-west1]';
ALTER PARTITION us_east OF INDEX movr.public.users@primary CONFIGURE ZONE USING
    constraints = '[+region=gcp-us-east1]';
ALTER PARTITION us_west OF INDEX movr.public.users@primary CONFIGURE ZONE USING
    constraints = '[+region=gcp-us-west1]'
;

Note the following:

We want to partition this table on the city column. In order to partition on a column value, the column must be indexed. This table's composite primary key index is on the city and id columns. Note that primary keys also imply unique and NOT NULL constraints on the constrained column pair.
To optimize queries on partitioned data, the city column precedes the id column in the primary index. This guarantees that scans on the users table evaluate each row's city first, and then its id.
To improve the performance of filtered query scans, it is a best practice to index columns in a WHERE clause.. The composite primary key ensures that queries on partitioned data and on rows filtered by id (e.g., single-row look-ups) are optimized. To optimize queries filtered on the username column, there is a secondary index on the username column. Although explicitly stated here, CockroachDB automatically applies a unique constraint to columns that are indexed.
There is a check constraint on the city column, which verifies that the value of the city column is valid. When querying partitions, check constraints also optimize queries filtered on the constrained columns.

The `vehicles` table

> 
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS vehicles (
    id UUID NOT NULL DEFAULT gen_random_uuid(),
    city STRING NOT NULL,
    type STRING NULL,
    owner_id UUID NULL,
    date_added DATE NULL,
    status STRING NULL,
    last_location STRING NULL,
    color STRING NULL,
    brand STRING NULL,
    CONSTRAINT "primary" PRIMARY KEY (city ASC, id ASC),
    CONSTRAINT check_city CHECK (city IN ('amsterdam','boston','los angeles','new york','paris','rome','san francisco','seattle','washington dc')),      
    CONSTRAINT fk_city_ref_users FOREIGN KEY (city, owner_id) REFERENCES users(city, id),
    INDEX vehicles_auto_index_fk_city_ref_users (city ASC, owner_id ASC, status ASC) PARTITION BY LIST (city) (
        PARTITION us_west VALUES IN (('seattle'), ('san francisco'), ('los angeles')),
        PARTITION us_east VALUES IN (('new york'), ('boston'), ('washington dc')),
        PARTITION europe_west VALUES IN (('amsterdam'), ('paris'), ('rome'))
    ),
    FAMILY "primary" (id, city, type, owner_id, date_added, status, last_location, color, brand)
) PARTITION BY LIST (city) (
    PARTITION us_west VALUES IN (('seattle'), ('san francisco'), ('los angeles')),
    PARTITION us_east VALUES IN (('new york'), ('boston'), ('washington dc')),
    PARTITION europe_west VALUES IN (('amsterdam'), ('paris'), ('rome'))
);

ALTER PARTITION europe_west OF INDEX movr.public.vehicles@primary CONFIGURE ZONE USING
    constraints = '[+region=gcp-europe-west1]';
ALTER PARTITION us_east OF INDEX movr.public.vehicles@primary CONFIGURE ZONE USING
    constraints = '[+region=gcp-us-east1]';
ALTER PARTITION us_west OF INDEX movr.public.vehicles@primary CONFIGURE ZONE USING
    constraints = '[+region=gcp-us-west1]';
ALTER PARTITION europe_west OF INDEX movr.public.vehicles@vehicles_auto_index_fk_city_ref_users CONFIGURE ZONE USING
    constraints = '[+region=gcp-europe-west1]';
ALTER PARTITION us_east OF INDEX movr.public.vehicles@vehicles_auto_index_fk_city_ref_users CONFIGURE ZONE USING
    constraints = '[+region=gcp-us-east1]';
ALTER PARTITION us_west OF INDEX movr.public.vehicles@vehicles_auto_index_fk_city_ref_users CONFIGURE ZONE USING
    constraints = '[+region=gcp-us-west1]'
;

Note the following:

Like the users table, the vehicles table has a composite primary key on city and id.
The vehicles table has a foreign key constraint on the users table, for the city and owner_id columns. This guarantees that a vehicle is registered to a particular user (i.e., an "owner") in the city where that user is registered.
The table has a secondary index (vehicles_auto_index_fk_city_ref_users) on the city, owner_id, and status. By default, CockroachDB creates secondary indexes for all foreign key constraints. This optimizes scans made on the foreign key columns, for foreign key enforcement. Here, we add status to the secondary index, because reading and writing the status of a vehicle is a common query for the application. As mentioned in the users table section, it is a best practice to index columns in a WHERE clause.
We include a PARTITION BY statement for the vehicles_auto_index_fk_city_ref_users index. When geo-partitioning a database, it's important to geo-partition all indexes containing partition columns. In this case, the index includes city, so we should partition the index.

After defining this partition, you also need to add a zone constraint to the partition, so that it is truly geo-partitioned. For example, for the index's us_east partition, we use the following statement to configure the zone:
```
> ALTER PARTITION us_east OF INDEX movr.public.vehicles@vehicles_auto_index_fk_city_ref_users CONFIGURE ZONE USING
    constraints = '[+region=gcp-us-east1]';
```
See dbinit.sql for full zone configuration statements for all partitioned indexes.
Like users, the vehicles table also has a CHECK constraint on the city row, to optimize table scans in filtered queries.

The `rides` table

> 
CREATE TABLE rides (
    id UUID NOT NULL DEFAULT gen_random_uuid(),
    city STRING NOT NULL,
    vehicle_id UUID NULL,
    rider_id UUID NULL,
    rider_city STRING NOT NULL,
    start_location STRING NULL,
    end_location STRING NULL,
    start_time TIMESTAMPTZ NULL,
    end_time TIMESTAMPTZ NULL,
    length INTERVAL NULL,
    CONSTRAINT "primary" PRIMARY KEY (city ASC, id ASC),
    CONSTRAINT check_city CHECK (city IN ('amsterdam','boston','los angeles','new york','paris','rome','san francisco','seattle','washington dc')),
    CONSTRAINT fk_city_ref_users FOREIGN KEY (rider_city, rider_id) REFERENCES users(city, id),
    CONSTRAINT fk_vehicle_city_ref_vehicles FOREIGN KEY (city, vehicle_id) REFERENCES vehicles(city, id),
    INDEX rides_auto_index_fk_city_ref_users (rider_city ASC, rider_id ASC) PARTITION BY LIST (rider_city) (
        PARTITION us_west VALUES IN (('seattle'), ('san francisco'), ('los angeles')),
        PARTITION us_east VALUES IN (('new york'), ('boston'), ('washington dc')),
        PARTITION europe_west VALUES IN (('amsterdam'), ('paris'), ('rome'))
    ),
    INDEX rides_auto_index_fk_vehicle_city_ref_vehicles (city ASC, vehicle_id ASC) PARTITION BY LIST (city) (
        PARTITION us_west VALUES IN (('seattle'), ('san francisco'), ('los angeles')),
        PARTITION us_east VALUES IN (('new york'), ('boston'), ('washington dc')),
        PARTITION europe_west VALUES IN (('amsterdam'), ('paris'), ('rome'))
    ),
    FAMILY "primary" (id, city, rider_id, rider_city, vehicle_id, start_location, end_location, start_time, end_time, length)
)  PARTITION BY LIST (city) (
        PARTITION us_west VALUES IN (('seattle'), ('san francisco'), ('los angeles')),
        PARTITION us_east VALUES IN (('new york'), ('boston'), ('washington dc')),
        PARTITION europe_west VALUES IN (('amsterdam'), ('paris'), ('rome'))
);
ALTER PARTITION europe_west OF INDEX movr.public.rides@primary CONFIGURE ZONE USING
    constraints = '[+region=gcp-europe-west1]';
ALTER PARTITION us_east OF INDEX movr.public.rides@primary CONFIGURE ZONE USING
    constraints = '[+region=gcp-us-east1]';
ALTER PARTITION us_west OF INDEX movr.public.rides@primary CONFIGURE ZONE USING
    constraints = '[+region=gcp-us-west1]';
ALTER PARTITION europe_west OF INDEX movr.public.rides@rides_auto_index_fk_city_ref_users CONFIGURE ZONE USING
    constraints = '[+region=gcp-europe-west1]';
ALTER PARTITION us_east OF INDEX movr.public.rides@rides_auto_index_fk_city_ref_users CONFIGURE ZONE USING
    constraints = '[+region=gcp-us-east1]';
ALTER PARTITION us_west OF INDEX movr.public.rides@rides_auto_index_fk_city_ref_users CONFIGURE ZONE USING
    constraints = '[+region=gcp-us-west1]';
ALTER PARTITION europe_west OF INDEX movr.public.rides@rides_auto_index_fk_vehicle_city_ref_vehicles CONFIGURE ZONE USING
    constraints = '[+region=gcp-europe-west1]';
ALTER PARTITION us_east OF INDEX movr.public.rides@rides_auto_index_fk_vehicle_city_ref_vehicles CONFIGURE ZONE USING
    constraints = '[+region=gcp-us-east1]';
ALTER PARTITION us_west OF INDEX movr.public.rides@rides_auto_index_fk_vehicle_city_ref_vehicles CONFIGURE ZONE USING
    constraints = '[+region=gcp-us-west1]'
;

Note the following:

Like the users and vehicles tables, the rides table has a composite primary key on city and id.
Like the vehicles table, the rides table has foreign key constraints. These constraints are on the users and the vehicles tables.
The foreign key indexes are partitioned. These partitions need to be zone-constrained like the other partitions. For full zone configuration statements, see dbinit.sql.
Like users and vehicles, the table has a CHECK constraint on the city row, to optimize filtered queries.

Next steps

Now that you are familiar with the movr schema, set up a development environment for a multi-region application.

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Create a Multi-Region Database Schema

Before you begin

The `movr` database

Geo-partition the `movr` database

The `users` table

The `vehicles` table

The `rides` table

Next steps

See also

Create a Multi-Region Database Schema

Before you begin

The movr database

Geo-partition the movr database

The users table

The vehicles table

The rides table

Next steps

See also

The `movr` database

Geo-partition the `movr` database

The `users` table

The `vehicles` table

The `rides` table