Orchestrate CockroachDB with Kubernetes (Insecure)

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This page shows you how to orchestrate the deployment, management, and monitoring of an insecure 3-node CockroachDB cluster in a single Kubernetes cluster, using the StatefulSet feature.

To deploy across multiple Kubernetes clusters in different geographic regions instead, see Kubernetes Multi-Cluster Deployment. Also, for details about potential performance bottlenecks to be aware of when running CockroachDB in Kubernetes and guidance on how to optimize your deployment for better performance, see CockroachDB Performance on Kubernetes.

Warning:

If you plan to use CockroachDB in production, we strongly recommend using a secure cluster instead. Select Secure above for instructions.

Before you begin

Before getting started, it's helpful to review some Kubernetes-specific terminology and current limitations.

Kubernetes terminology

Feature	Description
instance	A physical or virtual machine. In this tutorial, you'll create GCE or AWS instances and join them into a single Kubernetes cluster from your local workstation.
pod	A pod is a group of one or more Docker containers. In this tutorial, each pod will run on a separate instance and include one Docker container running a single CockroachDB node. You'll start with 3 pods and grow to 4.
StatefulSet	A StatefulSet is a group of pods treated as stateful units, where each pod has distinguishable network identity and always binds back to the same persistent storage on restart. StatefulSets are considered stable as of Kubernetes version 1.9 after reaching beta in version 1.5.
persistent volume	A persistent volume is a piece of networked storage (Persistent Disk on GCE, Elastic Block Store on AWS) mounted into a pod. The lifetime of a persistent volume is decoupled from the lifetime of the pod that's using it, ensuring that each CockroachDB node binds back to the same storage on restart. This tutorial assumes that dynamic volume provisioning is available. When that is not the case, persistent volume claims need to be created manually.

Limitations

Kubernetes version

Kubernetes 1.18 or higher is required in order to use our most up-to-date configuration files. Earlier Kubernetes releases do not support some of the options used in our configuration files. If you need to run on an older version of Kubernetes, we have kept around configuration files that work on older Kubernetes releases in the versioned subdirectories of https://github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/tree/master/cloud/kubernetes (e.g., v1.7).

Storage

At this time, orchestrations of CockroachDB with Kubernetes use external persistent volumes that are often replicated by the provider. Because CockroachDB already replicates data automatically, this additional layer of replication is unnecessary and can negatively impact performance. High-performance use cases on a private Kubernetes cluster may want to consider using local volumes.

Step 1. Start Kubernetes

Choose whether you want to orchestrate CockroachDB with Kubernetes using the hosted Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE) service or manually on Google Compute Engine (GCE) or AWS. The instructions below will change slightly depending on your choice.

Complete the Before You Begin steps described in the Google Kubernetes Engine Quickstart documentation.

This includes installing gcloud, which is used to create and delete Kubernetes Engine clusters, and kubectl, which is the command-line tool used to manage Kubernetes from your workstation.

Tip:

The documentation offers the choice of using Google's Cloud Shell product or using a local shell on your machine. Choose to use a local shell if you want to be able to view the CockroachDB Admin UI using the steps in this guide.
From your local workstation, start the Kubernetes cluster:
```
$ gcloud container clusters create cockroachdb
```
```
Creating cluster cockroachdb...done.
```
This creates GKE instances and joins them into a single Kubernetes cluster named cockroachdb.

The process can take a few minutes, so do not move on to the next step until you see a Creating cluster cockroachdb...done message and details about your cluster.
Get the email address associated with your Google Cloud account:
```
$ gcloud info | grep Account
```
```
Account: [your.google.cloud.email@example.org]
```
Warning:

This command returns your email address in all lowercase. However, in the next step, you must enter the address using the accurate capitalization. For example, if your address is YourName@example.com, you must use YourName@example.com and not yourname@example.com.

Create the RBAC roles CockroachDB needs for running on GKE, using the address from the previous step:

$ kubectl create clusterrolebinding $USER-cluster-admin-binding --clusterrole=cluster-admin --user=<your.google.cloud.email@example.org>

clusterrolebinding "cluster-admin-binding" created

From your local workstation, install prerequisites and start a Kubernetes cluster as described in the Running Kubernetes on Google Compute Engine documentation.

The process includes:

Creating a Google Cloud Platform account, installing gcloud, and other prerequisites.
Downloading and installing the latest Kubernetes release.
Creating GCE instances and joining them into a single Kubernetes cluster.
Installing kubectl, the command-line tool used to manage Kubernetes from your workstation.

From your local workstation, install prerequisites and start a Kubernetes cluster as described in the Running Kubernetes on AWS EC2 documentation.

Step 2. Start CockroachDB nodes

From your local workstation, use our cockroachdb-statefulset.yaml file to create the StatefulSet that automatically creates 3 pods, each with a CockroachDB node running inside it:
```
$ kubectl create -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/master/cloud/kubernetes/cockroachdb-statefulset.yaml
```
```
service "cockroachdb-public" created
service "cockroachdb" created
poddisruptionbudget "cockroachdb-budget" created
statefulset "cockroachdb" created
```
Alternatively, if you'd rather start with a configuration file that has been customized for performance:
1. Download our performance version of cockroachdb-statefulset-insecure.yaml:
```
$ curl -O https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/master/cloud/kubernetes/performance/cockroachdb-statefulset-insecure.yaml
```
2. Modify the file wherever there is a TODO comment.
3. Use the file to create the StatefulSet and start the cluster:
```
$ kubectl create -f cockroachdb-statefulset-insecure.yaml
```

Confirm that three pods are Running successfully. Note that they will not be considered Ready until after the cluster has been initialized:

$ kubectl get pods

NAME            READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
cockroachdb-0   0/1       Running   0          2m
cockroachdb-1   0/1       Running   0          2m
cockroachdb-2   0/1       Running   0          2m

Confirm that the persistent volumes and corresponding claims were created successfully for all three pods:

$ kubectl get persistentvolumes

NAME                                       CAPACITY   ACCESSMODES   RECLAIMPOLICY   STATUS    CLAIM                           REASON    AGE
pvc-52f51ecf-8bd5-11e6-a4f4-42010a800002   1Gi        RWO           Delete          Bound     default/datadir-cockroachdb-0             26s
pvc-52fd3a39-8bd5-11e6-a4f4-42010a800002   1Gi        RWO           Delete          Bound     default/datadir-cockroachdb-1             27s
pvc-5315efda-8bd5-11e6-a4f4-42010a800002   1Gi        RWO           Delete          Bound     default/datadir-cockroachdb-2             27s

Step 3. Initialize the cluster

Use our cluster-init.yaml file to perform a one-time initialization that joins the nodes into a single cluster:
```
$ kubectl create -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/master/cloud/kubernetes/cluster-init.yaml
```
```
job "cluster-init" created
```

Confirm that cluster initialization has completed successfully. The job should be considered successful and the CockroachDB pods should soon be considered Ready:

$ kubectl get job cluster-init

NAME           DESIRED   SUCCESSFUL   AGE
cluster-init   1         1            2m

$ kubectl get pods

NAME            READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
cockroachdb-0   1/1       Running   0          3m
cockroachdb-1   1/1       Running   0          3m
cockroachdb-2   1/1       Running   0          3m

Tip:

The StatefulSet configuration sets all CockroachDB nodes to log to stderr, so if you ever need access to a pod/node's logs to troubleshoot, use kubectl logs <podname> rather than checking the log on the persistent volume.

Step 4. Use the built-in SQL client

Launch a temporary interactive pod and start the built-in SQL client inside it:

$ kubectl run cockroachdb -it --image=cockroachdb/cockroach --rm --restart=Never \
-- sql --insecure --host=cockroachdb-public

Run some basic CockroachDB SQL statements:

> CREATE DATABASE bank;

> CREATE TABLE bank.accounts (id INT PRIMARY KEY, balance DECIMAL);

> INSERT INTO bank.accounts VALUES (1, 1000.50);

> SELECT * FROM bank.accounts;

+----+---------+
| id | balance |
+----+---------+
|  1 |  1000.5 |
+----+---------+
(1 row)

Exit the SQL shell and delete the temporary pod:
```
> \q
```

Step 5. Access the Admin UI

To access the cluster's Admin UI:

Port-forward from your local machine to one of the pods:
```
$ kubectl port-forward cockroachdb-0 8080
```
```
Forwarding from 127.0.0.1:8080 -> 8080
```
Note:
The port-forward command must be run on the same machine as the web browser in which you want to view the Admin UI. If you have been running these commands from a cloud instance or other non-local shell, you will not be able to view the UI without configuring kubectl locally and running the above port-forward command on your local machine.
Go to http://localhost:8080.
In the UI, verify that the cluster is running as expected:
- Click View nodes list on the right to ensure that all nodes successfully joined the cluster.
- Click the Databases tab on the left to verify that bank is listed.

Step 6. Simulate node failure

Based on the replicas: 3 line in the StatefulSet configuration, Kubernetes ensures that three pods/nodes are running at all times. When a pod/node fails, Kubernetes automatically creates another pod/node with the same network identity and persistent storage.

To see this in action:

Terminate one of the CockroachDB nodes:
```
$ kubectl delete pod cockroachdb-2
```
```
pod "cockroachdb-2" deleted
```
In the Admin UI, the Summary panel will soon show one node as Suspect. As Kubernetes auto-restarts the node, watch how the node once again becomes healthy.

Back in the terminal, verify that the pod was automatically restarted:

$ kubectl get pod cockroachdb-2

NAME            READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
cockroachdb-2   1/1       Running   0          12s

Step 7. Set up monitoring and alerting

Despite CockroachDB's various built-in safeguards against failure, it is critical to actively monitor the overall health and performance of a cluster running in production and to create alerting rules that promptly send notifications when there are events that require investigation or intervention.

Configure Prometheus

Every node of a CockroachDB cluster exports granular timeseries metrics formatted for easy integration with Prometheus, an open source tool for storing, aggregating, and querying timeseries data. This section shows you how to orchestrate Prometheus as part of your Kubernetes cluster and pull these metrics into Prometheus for external monitoring.

This guidance is based on CoreOS's Prometheus Operator, which allows a Prometheus instance to be managed using built-in Kubernetes concepts.

Note:

Before starting, make sure the email address associated with your Google Cloud account is part of the cluster-admin RBAC group, as shown in Step 1. Start Kubernetes.

From your local workstation, edit the cockroachdb service to add the prometheus: cockroachdb label:
```
$ kubectl label svc cockroachdb prometheus=cockroachdb
```
```
service "cockroachdb" labeled
```
This ensures that there is a prometheus job and monitoring data only for the cockroachdb service, not for the cockroach-public service.

Install CoreOS's Prometheus Operator:

$ kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/coreos/prometheus-operator/release-0.20/bundle.yaml

clusterrolebinding "prometheus-operator" created
clusterrole "prometheus-operator" created
serviceaccount "prometheus-operator" created
deployment "prometheus-operator" created

Confirm that the prometheus-operator has started:

$ kubectl get deploy prometheus-operator

NAME                  DESIRED   CURRENT   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   AGE
prometheus-operator   1         1         1            1           1m

Use our prometheus.yaml file to create the various objects necessary to run a Prometheus instance:

$ kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/master/cloud/kubernetes/prometheus/prometheus.yaml

clusterrole "prometheus" created
clusterrolebinding "prometheus" created
servicemonitor "cockroachdb" created
prometheus "cockroachdb" created

Access the Prometheus UI locally and verify that CockroachDB is feeding data into Prometheus:
1. Port-forward from your local machine to the pod running Prometheus:
```
$ kubectl port-forward prometheus-cockroachdb-0 9090
```
2. Go to http://localhost:9090 in your browser.
3. To verify that each CockroachDB node is connected to Prometheus, go to Status > Targets. The screen should look like this:
4. To verify that data is being collected, go to Graph, enter the sys_uptime variable in the field, click Execute, and then click the Graph tab. The screen should like this:
Tip:

Prometheus auto-completes CockroachDB time series metrics for you, but if you want to see a full listing, with descriptions, port-forward as described in Access the Admin UI and then point your browser to http://localhost:8080/_status/vars.

For more details on using the Prometheus UI, see their official documentation.

Configure Alertmanager

Active monitoring helps you spot problems early, but it is also essential to send notifications when there are events that require investigation or intervention. This section shows you how to use Alertmanager and CockroachDB's starter alerting rules to do this.

Download our alertmanager-config.yaml configuration file.
Edit the alertmanager-config.yaml file to specify the desired receivers for notifications. Initially, the file contains a placeholder web hook.
Add this configuration to the Kubernetes cluster as a secret, renaming it to alertmanager.yaml and labelling it to make it easier to find:
```
$ kubectl create secret generic alertmanager-cockroachdb --from-file=alertmanager.yaml=alertmanager-config.yaml
```
```
secret "alertmanager-cockroachdb" created
```
```
$ kubectl label secret alertmanager-cockroachdb app=cockroachdb
```
```
secret "alertmanager-cockroachdb" labeled
```
Warning:

The name of the secret, alertmanager-cockroachdb, must match the name used in the altermanager.yaml file. If they differ, the Alertmanager instance will start without configuration, and nothing will happen.
Use our alertmanager.yaml file to create the various objects necessary to run an Alertmanager instance, including a ClusterIP service so that Prometheus can forward alerts:
```
$ kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/master/cloud/kubernetes/prometheus/alertmanager.yaml
```
```
alertmanager "cockroachdb" created
service "alertmanager-cockroachdb" created
```
Verify that Alertmanager is running:
1. Port-forward from your local machine to the pod running Alertmanager:
```
$ kubectl port-forward alertmanager-cockroachdb-0 9093
```
2. Go to http://localhost:9093 in your browser. The screen should look like this:
Ensure that the Alertmanagers are visible to Prometheus by opening http://localhost:9090/status. The screen should look like this:

Add CockroachDB's starter alerting rules:

$ kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/master/cloud/kubernetes/prometheus/alert-rules.yaml

prometheusrule "prometheus-cockroachdb-rules" created

Ensure that the rules are visible to Prometheus by opening http://localhost:9090/status http://localhost:9090/rules. The screen should look like this:
Verify that the example alert is firing by opening http://localhost:9090/alerts. The screen should look like this:
To remove the example alert:
1. Use the kubectl edit command to open the rules for editing:
```
$ kubectl edit prometheusrules prometheus-cockroachdb-rules
```
2. Remove the dummy.rules block and save the file:
```
- name: rules/dummy.rules
  rules:
  - alert: TestAlertManager
    expr: vector(1)
```

Step 8. Maintain the cluster

Scale the cluster

The Kubernetes cluster we created contains 3 nodes that pods can be run on. To ensure that you do not have two pods on the same node (as recommended in our production best practices), you need to add a new node and then edit your StatefulSet configuration to add another pod.

Add a worker node:
- On GKE, resize your cluster.
- On GCE, resize your Managed Instance Group.
- On AWS, resize your Auto Scaling Group.
Use the kubectl scale command to add a pod to your StatefulSet:
```
$ kubectl scale statefulset cockroachdb --replicas=4
```
```
statefulset "cockroachdb" scaled
```

Verify that a fourth pod was added successfully:

$ kubectl get pods

NAME                                   READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
alertmanager-cockroachdb-0             2/2       Running   0          2m
alertmanager-cockroachdb-1             2/2       Running   0          2m
alertmanager-cockroachdb-2             2/2       Running   0          2m
cockroachdb-0                          1/1       Running   0          9m
cockroachdb-1                          1/1       Running   0          9m
cockroachdb-2                          1/1       Running   0          7m
cockroachdb-3                          0/1       Pending   0          5s
prometheus-cockroachdb-0               3/3       Running   1          5m
prometheus-operator-85dd478dbb-66lvb   1/1       Running   0          6m

Upgrade the cluster

As new versions of CockroachDB are released, it's strongly recommended to upgrade to newer versions in order to pick up bug fixes, performance improvements, and new features. The general CockroachDB upgrade documentation provides best practices for how to prepare for and execute upgrades of CockroachDB clusters, but the mechanism of actually stopping and restarting processes in Kubernetes is somewhat special.

Kubernetes knows how to carry out a safe rolling upgrade process of the CockroachDB nodes. When you tell it to change the Docker image used in the CockroachDB StatefulSet, Kubernetes will go one-by-one, stopping a node, restarting it with the new image, and waiting for it to be ready to receive client requests before moving on to the next one. For more information, see the Kubernetes documentation.

All that it takes to kick off this process is changing the desired Docker image. To do so, pick the version that you want to upgrade to, then run the following command, replacing "VERSION" with your desired new version:
```
$ kubectl patch statefulset cockroachdb --type='json' -p='[{"op": "replace", "path": "/spec/template/spec/containers/0/image", "value":"cockroachdb/cockroach:VERSION"}]'
```
```
statefulset "cockroachdb" patched
```

If you then check the status of your cluster's pods, you should see one of them being restarted:

$ kubectl get pods

NAME            READY     STATUS        RESTARTS   AGE
cockroachdb-0   1/1       Running       0          2m
cockroachdb-1   1/1       Running       0          2m
cockroachdb-2   1/1       Running       0          2m
cockroachdb-3   0/1       Terminating   0          1m

This will continue until all of the pods have restarted and are running the new image. To check the image of each pod to determine whether they've all be upgraded, run:

$ kubectl get pods -o jsonpath='{range .items[*]}{.metadata.name}{"\t"}{.spec.containers[0].image}{"\n"}'

cockroachdb-0   cockroachdb/cockroach:v2.0.7
cockroachdb-1   cockroachdb/cockroach:v2.0.7
cockroachdb-2   cockroachdb/cockroach:v2.0.7
cockroachdb-3   cockroachdb/cockroach:v2.0.7

Stop the cluster

To shut down the CockroachDB cluster:

Delete all of the resources you created, including the logs and remote persistent volumes:

$ kubectl delete pods,statefulsets,services,persistentvolumeclaims,persistentvolumes,poddisruptionbudget,jobs,rolebinding,clusterrolebinding,role,clusterrole,serviceaccount,alertmanager,prometheus,prometheusrule,serviceMonitor -l app=cockroachdb

pod "cockroachdb-0" deleted
pod "cockroachdb-1" deleted
pod "cockroachdb-2" deleted
pod "cockroachdb-3" deleted
service "alertmanager-cockroachdb" deleted
service "cockroachdb" deleted
service "cockroachdb-public" deleted
persistentvolumeclaim "datadir-cockroachdb-0" deleted
persistentvolumeclaim "datadir-cockroachdb-1" deleted
persistentvolumeclaim "datadir-cockroachdb-2" deleted
persistentvolumeclaim "datadir-cockroachdb-3" deleted
poddisruptionbudget "cockroachdb-budget" deleted
job "cluster-init" deleted
clusterrolebinding "prometheus" deleted
clusterrole "prometheus" deleted
serviceaccount "prometheus" deleted
alertmanager "cockroachdb" deleted
prometheus "cockroachdb" deleted
prometheusrule "prometheus-cockroachdb-rules" deleted
servicemonitor "cockroachdb" deleted

Stop Kubernetes:
```
$ gcloud container clusters delete cockroachdb
```
```
$ cluster/kube-down.sh
```
```
$ cluster/kube-down.sh
```
Warning:
If you stop Kubernetes without first deleting the persistent volumes, they will still exist in your cloud project.

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