DELETE

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The DELETE statement deletes rows from a table.

Warning:

If you delete a row that is referenced by a foreign key constraint and has an ON DELETE action, all of the dependent rows will also be deleted or updated.

Note:

To delete columns, see ALTER TABLE ... DROP COLUMN.

Required privileges

The user must have the DELETE and SELECT privileges on the table.

Synopsis

Parameters

Parameter	Description
`common_table_expr`	See Common Table Expressions.
`table_name`	The name of the table that contains the rows you want to update.
`AS table_alias_name`	An alias for the table name. When an alias is provided, it completely hides the actual table name.
`USING table_ref`	Delete rows based on a table join, where `table_ref` specifies another table or tables to reference.
`WHERE a_expr`	`a_expr` must be an expression that returns Boolean values using columns (e.g., `<column> = <value>`). Delete rows that return `TRUE`. __Without a `WHERE` clause in your statement, `DELETE` removes all rows from the table. To delete all rows in a table, we recommend using `TRUNCATE` instead of `DELETE`.
`sort_clause`	An `ORDER BY` clause. See Ordering of rows in DML statements for more details.
`limit_clause`	A `LIMIT` clause. See Limit Query Results for more details.
`RETURNING target_list`	Return values based on rows deleted, where `target_list` can be specific column names from the table, `*` for all columns, or computations using scalar expressions. To return nothing in the response, not even the number of rows updated, use `RETURNING NOTHING`.
`ONLY ... *`	Supported for compatibility with PostgreSQL table inheritance syntax. This clause is a no-op, as CockroachDB does not currently support table inheritance.

Success responses

Successful DELETE statements return one of the following:

Response	Description
`DELETE` `int`	int rows were deleted. `DELETE` statements that do not delete any rows respond with `DELETE 0`. When `RETURNING NOTHING` is used, this information is not included in the response.
Retrieved table	Including the `RETURNING` clause retrieves the deleted rows, using the columns identified by the clause's parameters. See an example.

Disk space usage after deletes

Deleting a row does not immediately free up the disk space. This is due to the fact that CockroachDB retains the ability to query tables historically.

If disk usage is a concern, the solution is to reduce the time-to-live (TTL) for the zone by setting gc.ttlseconds to a lower value, which will cause garbage collection to clean up deleted objects (rows, tables) more frequently.

For instructions on how to free up disk space as quickly as possible after dropping a table, see How can I free up disk space that was used by a dropped table?

Select performance on deleted rows

Queries that scan across tables that have lots of deleted rows will have to scan over deletions that have not yet been garbage collected. Certain database usage patterns that frequently scan over and delete lots of rows will want to reduce the time-to-live values to clean up deleted rows more frequently.

Sorting the output of deletes

To sort the output of a DELETE statement, use:

> WITH a AS (DELETE ... RETURNING ...)
  SELECT ... FROM a ORDER BY ...

For an example, see Sort and return deleted rows.

For more information about ordering query results in general, see Ordering Query Results and Ordering of rows in DML statements.

Force index selection for deletes

By using the explicit index annotation (also known as "index hinting"), you can override CockroachDB's index selection and use a specific index for deleting rows of a named table.

Note:

Index selection can impact performance, but does not change the result of a query.

The syntax to force a specific index for a delete is:

DELETE FROM table@my_idx;

This is equivalent to the longer expression:

DELETE FROM table@{FORCE_INDEX=my_idx};

To view how the index hint modifies the query plan that CockroachDB follows for deleting rows, use an EXPLAIN statement. To see all indexes available on a table, use SHOW INDEXES.

For examples, see Delete with index hints.

You can use the @primary alias to use the table's primary key in your query if no secondary index explicitly named primary exists on that table.

Preserving `DELETE` performance over time

CockroachDB relies on multi-version concurrency control (MVCC) to process concurrent requests while guaranteeing strong consistency. As such, when you delete a row, it is not immediately removed from disk. The MVCC values for the row will remain until the garbage collection period defined by the gc.ttlseconds variable in the applicable zone configuration has passed.

This means that with the default settings, each iteration of your DELETE statement must scan over all of the rows previously marked for deletion within the defined GC TTL window. If you try to delete 10,000 rows 10 times within the GC TTL window, the 10th command will have to scan over the 90,000 rows previously marked for deletion.

To preserve performance over iterative DELETE queries, we recommend taking one of the following approaches:

At each iteration, update the WHERE clause to filter only the rows that have not yet been marked for deletion. For an example, see Batch-delete on an indexed filter.
At each iteration, first use a SELECT statement to return primary key values on rows that are not yet deleted. Rows marked for deletion will not be returned. Then, use a nested DELETE loop over a smaller batch size, filtering on the primary key values. For an example, see Batch delete on a non-indexed column.
To iteratively delete rows in constant time, using a simple DELETE loop, you can alter your zone configuration and change gc.ttlseconds to a low value like 5 minutes (i.e., 300), and then run your DELETE statement once per GC interval.

Examples

Setup

The following examples use MovR, a fictional vehicle-sharing application, to demonstrate CockroachDB SQL statements. For more information about the MovR example application and dataset, see MovR: A Global Vehicle-sharing App.

To follow along, run cockroach demo to start a temporary, in-memory cluster with the movr dataset preloaded:

$ cockroach demo

Delete rows using Primary Key/unique columns

Using columns with the Primary Key or Unique constraints to delete rows ensures your statement is unambiguous—no two rows contain the same column value, so it's less likely to delete data unintentionally.

In this example, code is our primary key and we want to delete the row where the code equals "about_stuff_city". Because we're positive no other rows have that value in the code column, there's no risk of accidentally removing another row.

DELETE FROM promo_codes WHERE code = 'about_stuff_city';

DELETE 1

Delete rows using non-unique columns

Deleting rows using non-unique columns removes every row that returns TRUE for the WHERE clause's a_expr. This can easily result in deleting data you didn't intend to.

DELETE FROM promo_codes WHERE creation_time > '2019-01-30 00:00:00+00:00';

DELETE 4

The example statement deleted four rows, which might be unexpected.

Delete rows using a table join

You can delete rows based on a table join. Use the USING clause to specify another table.

The following example deletes all codes from promo_codes that are present in user_promo_codes:

DELETE FROM promo_codes USING user_promo_codes WHERE user_promo_codes.code = promo_codes.code;

DELETE 5

Return deleted rows

To see which rows your statement deleted, include the RETURNING clause to retrieve them using the columns you specify.

Use all columns

By specifying *, you retrieve all columns of the delete rows.

Use specific columns

To retrieve specific columns, name them in the RETURNING clause.

DELETE FROM promo_codes WHERE creation_time > '2019-01-29 00:00:00+00:00' RETURNING code, rules;

           code          |                    rules
+------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
  box_investment_stuff   | {"type": "percent_discount", "value": "10%"}
  energy_newspaper_field | {"type": "percent_discount", "value": "10%"}
  simple_guy_theory      | {"type": "percent_discount", "value": "10%"}
  study_piece_war        | {"type": "percent_discount", "value": "10%"}
  tv_this_list           | {"type": "percent_discount", "value": "10%"}
(5 rows)

Change column labels

When RETURNING specific columns, you can change their labels using AS.

DELETE FROM promo_codes WHERE creation_time > '2019-01-28 00:00:00+00:00' RETURNING code, rules AS discount;

         code         |                   discount
+---------------------+----------------------------------------------+
  chair_company_state | {"type": "percent_discount", "value": "10%"}
  view_reveal_radio   | {"type": "percent_discount", "value": "10%"}
(2 rows)

Sort and return deleted rows

To sort and return deleted rows, use a statement like the following:

WITH a AS (DELETE FROM promo_codes WHERE creation_time > '2019-01-27 00:00:00+00:00' RETURNING *)
  SELECT * FROM a ORDER BY expiration_time;

             code            |                                                                                                  description                                                                                                   |       creation_time       |      expiration_time      |                    rules
+----------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
  often_thing_hair           | Society right wish face see if pull. Great generation social bar read budget wonder natural. Somebody dark field economic material. Nature nature paper law worry common. Serious activity hospital wide none. | 2019-01-27 03:04:05+00:00 | 2019-01-29 03:04:05+00:00 | {"type": "percent_discount", "value": "10%"}
  step_though_military       | Director middle summer most create any.                                                                                                                                                                        | 2019-01-27 03:04:05+00:00 | 2019-01-29 03:04:05+00:00 | {"type": "percent_discount", "value": "10%"}
  own_whose_economy          | Social participant order this. Guy toward nor indeed police player inside nor. Model education voice several college art on. Start listen their maybe.                                                         | 2019-01-27 03:04:05+00:00 | 2019-01-30 03:04:05+00:00 | {"type": "percent_discount", "value": "10%"}
  crime_experience_certainly | Prepare right teacher mouth student. Trouble condition weight during scene something stand.                                                                                                                    | 2019-01-27 03:04:05+00:00 | 2019-01-31 03:04:05+00:00 | {"type": "percent_discount", "value": "10%"}
  policy_its_wife            | Player either she something good minute or. Nearly policy player receive. Somebody mean book store fire realize.                                                                                               | 2019-01-27 03:04:05+00:00 | 2019-01-31 03:04:05+00:00 | {"type": "percent_discount", "value": "10%"}
(5 rows)

Delete with index hints

Suppose you create a multi-column index on the users table with the name and city columns.

CREATE INDEX ON users (name, city);

Now suppose you want to delete the two users named "Jon Snow". You can use the EXPLAIN (OPT) command to see how the cost-based optimizer decides to perform the delete:

EXPLAIN (OPT) DELETE FROM users WHERE name='Jon Snow';

                                        text
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  delete users
   ├── scan users@users_name_city_idx
   │    └── constraint: /10/9/8: [/'Jon Snow' - /'Jon Snow']
   └── f-k-checks
        ├── f-k-checks-item: vehicles(city,owner_id) -> users(city,id)
        │    └── semi-join (lookup vehicles@vehicles_auto_index_fk_city_ref_users)
        │         ├── with-scan &1
        │         └── filters (true)
        ├── f-k-checks-item: rides(city,rider_id) -> users(city,id)
        │    └── semi-join (lookup rides@rides_auto_index_fk_city_ref_users)
        │         ├── with-scan &1
        │         └── filters (true)
        └── f-k-checks-item: user_promo_codes(city,user_id) -> users(city,id)
             └── semi-join (lookup user_promo_codes)
                  ├── with-scan &1
                  └── filters (true)
(16 rows)

The output of the EXPLAIN statement shows that the optimizer scans the newly-created users_name_city_idx index when performing the delete. This makes sense, as you are performing a delete based on the name column.

Now suppose that instead you want to perform a delete, but using the id column instead.

EXPLAIN (OPT) DELETE FROM users WHERE id IN ('70a3d70a-3d70-4400-8000-000000000016', '3d70a3d7-0a3d-4000-8000-00000000000c');

                                                     text
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  delete users
   ├── select
   │    ├── scan users@users_name_city_idx
   │    └── filters
   │         └── users.id IN ('3d70a3d7-0a3d-4000-8000-00000000000c', '70a3d70a-3d70-4400-8000-000000000016')
   └── f-k-checks
        ├── f-k-checks-item: vehicles(city,owner_id) -> users(city,id)
        │    └── semi-join (hash)
        │         ├── with-scan &1
        │         ├── scan vehicles@vehicles_auto_index_fk_city_ref_users
        │         └── filters
        │              ├── city = vehicles.city
        │              └── id = owner_id
        ├── f-k-checks-item: rides(city,rider_id) -> users(city,id)
        │    └── semi-join (lookup rides@rides_auto_index_fk_city_ref_users)
        │         ├── with-scan &1
        │         └── filters (true)
        └── f-k-checks-item: user_promo_codes(city,user_id) -> users(city,id)
             └── semi-join (hash)
                  ├── with-scan &1
                  ├── scan user_promo_codes
                  └── filters
                       ├── city = user_promo_codes.city
                       └── id = user_id
(24 rows)

The optimizer still scans the newly-created users_name_city_idx index when performing the delete. Although scanning the table on this index could still be the most efficient, you may want to assess the performance difference between using users_name_city_idx and an index on the id column, as you are performing a delete with a filter on the id column.

If you provide an index hint (i.e., force the index selection) to use the primary index on the column instead, the CockroachDB will scan the users table using the primary index, on city, and id.

EXPLAIN (OPT) DELETE FROM users@users_pkey WHERE id IN ('70a3d70a-3d70-4400-8000-000000000016', '3d70a3d7-0a3d-4000-8000-00000000000c');

                                                     text
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  delete users
   ├── select
   │    ├── scan users
   │    │    └── flags: force-index=primary
   │    └── filters
   │         └── users.id IN ('3d70a3d7-0a3d-4000-8000-00000000000c', '70a3d70a-3d70-4400-8000-000000000016')
   └── f-k-checks
        ├── f-k-checks-item: vehicles(city,owner_id) -> users(city,id)
        │    └── semi-join (hash)
        │         ├── with-scan &1
        │         ├── scan vehicles@vehicles_auto_index_fk_city_ref_users
        │         └── filters
        │              ├── city = vehicles.city
        │              └── id = owner_id
        ├── f-k-checks-item: rides(city,rider_id) -> users(city,id)
        │    └── semi-join (lookup rides@rides_auto_index_fk_city_ref_users)
        │         ├── with-scan &1
        │         └── filters (true)
        └── f-k-checks-item: user_promo_codes(city,user_id) -> users(city,id)
             └── semi-join (hash)
                  ├── with-scan &1
                  ├── scan user_promo_codes
                  └── filters
                       ├── city = user_promo_codes.city
                       └── id = user_id
(25 rows)

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DELETE

Required privileges

Synopsis

Parameters

Success responses

Disk space usage after deletes

Select performance on deleted rows

Sorting the output of deletes

Force index selection for deletes

Preserving `DELETE` performance over time

Examples

Setup

Delete rows using Primary Key/unique columns

Delete rows using non-unique columns

Delete rows using a table join

Return deleted rows

Use all columns

Use specific columns

Change column labels

Sort and return deleted rows

Delete with index hints

See also

DELETE

Required privileges

Synopsis

Parameters

Success responses

Disk space usage after deletes

Select performance on deleted rows

Sorting the output of deletes

Force index selection for deletes

Preserving DELETE performance over time

Examples

Setup

Delete rows using Primary Key/unique columns

Delete rows using non-unique columns

Delete rows using a table join

Return deleted rows

Use all columns

Use specific columns

Change column labels

Sort and return deleted rows

Delete with index hints

See also

Preserving `DELETE` performance over time