CREATE INDEX

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The CREATE INDEX statement creates an index for a table. Indexes improve your database's performance by helping SQL locate data without having to look through every row of a table.

The following types cannot be included in an index key, but can be stored (and used in a covered query) using the STORING or COVERING clause:

JSONB
ARRAY
The computed TUPLE type, even if it is constructed from indexed fields

To create an index on the schemaless data in a JSONB column, or on the data in an ARRAY, use a GIN index.

Note:

Indexes are automatically created for a table's PRIMARY KEY and UNIQUE columns. When querying a table, CockroachDB uses the fastest index. For more information about that process, see Index Selection in CockroachDB.

Note:

This statement performs a schema change. For more information about how online schema changes work in CockroachDB, see Online Schema Changes.

Required privileges

The user must have the CREATE privilege on the table.

Synopsis

Standard index:

GIN index:

Parameters

Parameter	Description
`UNIQUE`	Apply the `UNIQUE` constraint to the indexed columns. This causes the system to check for existing duplicate values on index creation. It also applies the `UNIQUE` constraint at the table level, so the system checks for duplicate values when inserting or updating data.
`INVERTED`	Create a GIN index on the schemaless data in the specified `JSONB` column. You can also use the PostgreSQL-compatible syntax `USING GIN`. For more details, see GIN Indexes.
`IF NOT EXISTS`	Create a new index only if an index of the same name does not already exist; if one does exist, do not return an error.
`opt_index_name` `index_name`	The name of the index to create, which must be unique to its table and follow these identifier rules. If you do not specify a name, CockroachDB uses the format `<table>_<columns>_key/idx`. `key` indicates the index applies the `UNIQUE` constraint; `idx` indicates it does not. Example: `accounts_balance_idx`
`table_name`	The name of the table you want to create the index on.
`USING name`	An optional clause for compatibility with third-party tools. Accepted values for `name` are `btree`, `gin`, and `gist`, with `btree` for a standard secondary index, `gin` as the PostgreSQL-compatible syntax for a GIN index, and `gist` for a spatial index.
`name`	The name of the column you want to index.
`ASC` or `DESC`	Sort the column in ascending (`ASC`) or descending (`DESC`) order in the index. How columns are sorted affects query results, particularly when using `LIMIT`. Default: `ASC`
`STORING ...`	Store (but do not sort) each column whose name you include. For information on when to use `STORING`, see Store Columns. Note that columns that are part of a table's `PRIMARY KEY` cannot be specified as `STORING` columns in secondary indexes on the table. `COVERING` and `INCLUDE` are aliases for `STORING` and work identically.
`opt_partition_by`	An Enterprise-only option that lets you define index partitions at the row level.
`opt_where_clause`	New in v20.2: An optional `WHERE` clause that defines the predicate boolean expression of a partial index.
`USING HASH WITH BUCKET COUNT`	Creates a hash-sharded index with `n_buckets` number of buckets. Note: To enable hash-sharded indexes, set the `experimental_enable_hash_sharded_indexes` session variable to `on`.
`WITH storage_parameter`	New in v20.2: A comma-separated list of spatial index tuning parameters. Supported parameters include `fillfactor`, `s2_max_level`, `s2_level_mod`, `s2_max_cells`, `geometry_min_x`, `geometry_max_x`, `geometry_min_y`, and `geometry_max_y`. The `fillfactor` parameter is a no-op, allowed for PostgreSQL-compatibility. For details, see Spatial index tuning parameters. For an example, see Create a spatial index that uses all of the tuning parameters.
`CONCURRENTLY`	Optional, no-op syntax for PostgreSQL compatibility. All indexes are created concurrently in CockroachDB.
`opt_interleave`	Interleave index into parent object. Warning: Interleaving is deprecated in CockroachDB v20.2. For details, see `INTERLEAVE IN PARENT` Deprecation.

Viewing schema changes

This schema change statement is registered as a job. You can view long-running jobs with SHOW JOBS.

Examples

Setup

The following examples use MovR, a fictional vehicle-sharing application, to demonstrate CockroachDB SQL statements. For more information about the MovR example application and dataset, see MovR: A Global Vehicle-sharing App.

To follow along, run cockroach demo to start a temporary, in-memory cluster with the movr dataset preloaded:

$ cockroach demo

Create standard indexes

To create the most efficient indexes, we recommend reviewing:

Single-column indexes

Single-column indexes sort the values of a single column.

> CREATE INDEX ON users (name);

Because each query can only use one index, single-column indexes are not typically as useful as multiple-column indexes.

Multiple-column indexes

Multiple-column indexes sort columns in the order you list them.

> CREATE INDEX ON users (name, city);

To create the most useful multiple-column indexes, we recommend reviewing our best practices.

Unique indexes

Unique indexes do not allow duplicate values among their columns.

> CREATE UNIQUE INDEX ON users (name, id);

This also applies the UNIQUE constraint at the table level, similarly to ALTER TABLE. The above example is equivalent to:

> ALTER TABLE users ADD CONSTRAINT users_name_id_key UNIQUE (name, id);

Create GIN indexes

GIN indexes can be created on schemaless data in a JSONB column.

> CREATE INVERTED INDEX ON promo_codes (rules);

The above example is equivalent to the following PostgreSQL-compatible syntax:

> CREATE INDEX ON promo_codes USING GIN (rules);

Create spatial indexes

Spatial indexes can be created on GEOMETRY and GEOGRAPHY columns. Spatial indexes are a special type of GIN index.

To create a spatial index on a GEOMETRY column:

CREATE INDEX geom_idx_1 ON some_spatial_table USING GIST(geom);

Unlike GIN indexes, spatial indexes do not support an alternate CREATE INVERTED INDEX ... syntax. Only the syntax shown here is supported.

For advanced users, there are a number of spatial index tuning parameters that can be passed in using the syntax WITH (var1=val1, var2=val2) as follows:

CREATE INDEX geom_idx_2
  ON some_spatial_table USING GIST(geom)
  WITH (s2_max_cells = 20, s2_max_level = 12, s2_level_mod = 3);

Warning:

Most users should not change the default spatial index settings. There is a risk that you will get worse performance by changing the default settings. For more information , see Spatial indexes.

Store columns

Storing a column improves the performance of queries that retrieve (but do not filter) its values.

> CREATE INDEX ON users (city) STORING (name);

However, to use stored columns, queries must filter another column in the same index. For example, SQL can retrieve name values from the above index only when a query's WHERE clause filters city.

Change column sort order

To sort columns in descending order, you must explicitly set the option when creating the index. (Ascending order is the default.)

> CREATE INDEX ON users (city DESC, name);

Note that how a column is ordered in the index will affect the ordering of the index keys, and may affect the efficiency of queries that include an ORDER BY clause.

Query specific indexes

Normally, CockroachDB selects the index that it calculates will scan the fewest rows. However, you can override that selection and specify the name of the index you want to use. To find the name, use SHOW INDEX.

> SHOW INDEX FROM users;

  table_name |   index_name   | non_unique | seq_in_index | column_name | direction | storing | implicit
+------------+----------------+------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+---------+----------+
  users      | primary        |   false    |            1 | city        | ASC       |  false  |  false
  users      | primary        |   false    |            2 | id          | ASC       |  false  |  false
  users      | users_name_idx |    true    |            1 | name        | ASC       |  false  |  false
  users      | users_name_idx |    true    |            2 | city        | ASC       |  false  |   true
  users      | users_name_idx |    true    |            3 | id          | ASC       |  false  |   true
(5 rows)

> SELECT name FROM users@users_name_idx WHERE city='new york';

        name
+------------------+
  Catherine Nelson
  Devin Jordan
  James Hamilton
  Judy White
  Robert Murphy
(5 rows)

Create a hash-sharded secondary index

For performance reasons, we discourage indexing on sequential keys. If, however, you are working with a table that must be indexed on sequential keys, you should use hash-sharded indexes. Hash-sharded indexes distribute sequential traffic uniformly across ranges, eliminating single-range hotspots and improving write performance on sequentially-keyed indexes at a small cost to read performance.

> CREATE TABLE events (
    product_id INT8,
    owner UUID,
    serial_number VARCHAR,
    event_id UUID,
    ts TIMESTAMP,
    data JSONB,
    PRIMARY KEY (product_id, owner, serial_number, ts, event_id)
);

> SET experimental_enable_hash_sharded_indexes=on;

> CREATE INDEX ON events(ts) USING HASH WITH BUCKET_COUNT=8;

> SHOW INDEX FROM events;

  table_name |               index_name               | non_unique | seq_in_index |       column_name        | direction | storing | implicit
-------------+----------------------------------------+------------+--------------+--------------------------+-----------+---------+-----------
  events     | primary                                |   false    |            1 | product_id               | ASC       |  false  |  false
  events     | primary                                |   false    |            2 | owner                    | ASC       |  false  |  false
  events     | primary                                |   false    |            3 | serial_number            | ASC       |  false  |  false
  events     | primary                                |   false    |            4 | ts                       | ASC       |  false  |  false
  events     | primary                                |   false    |            5 | event_id                 | ASC       |  false  |  false
  events     | events_crdb_internal_ts_shard_8_ts_idx |    true    |            1 | crdb_internal_ts_shard_8 | ASC       |  false  |  false
  events     | events_crdb_internal_ts_shard_8_ts_idx |    true    |            2 | ts                       | ASC       |  false  |  false
  events     | events_crdb_internal_ts_shard_8_ts_idx |    true    |            3 | product_id               | ASC       |  false  |   true
  events     | events_crdb_internal_ts_shard_8_ts_idx |    true    |            4 | owner                    | ASC       |  false  |   true
  events     | events_crdb_internal_ts_shard_8_ts_idx |    true    |            5 | serial_number            | ASC       |  false  |   true
  events     | events_crdb_internal_ts_shard_8_ts_idx |    true    |            6 | event_id                 | ASC       |  false  |   true
(11 rows)

> SHOW COLUMNS FROM events;

        column_name        | data_type | is_nullable | column_default |       generation_expression       |                     indices                      | is_hidden
---------------------------+-----------+-------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+------------
  product_id               | INT8      |    false    | NULL           |                                   | {primary,events_crdb_internal_ts_shard_8_ts_idx} |   false
  owner                    | UUID      |    false    | NULL           |                                   | {primary,events_crdb_internal_ts_shard_8_ts_idx} |   false
  serial_number            | VARCHAR   |    false    | NULL           |                                   | {primary,events_crdb_internal_ts_shard_8_ts_idx} |   false
  event_id                 | UUID      |    false    | NULL           |                                   | {primary,events_crdb_internal_ts_shard_8_ts_idx} |   false
  ts                       | TIMESTAMP |    false    | NULL           |                                   | {primary,events_crdb_internal_ts_shard_8_ts_idx} |   false
  data                     | JSONB     |    true     | NULL           |                                   | {}                                               |   false
  crdb_internal_ts_shard_8 | INT4      |    false    | NULL           | mod(fnv32(CAST(ts AS STRING)), 8) | {events_crdb_internal_ts_shard_8_ts_idx}         |   true
(7 rows)

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